Android的ART和Dalvik分析
ART虚拟机的实现在libart.so中，而Dalvik再libdvm.so中
实现了Java虚拟机的接口，内部却提供完全不一样的东西， – 为了兼容。
I. Dalvik
- 简介: 是Java虚拟机，Android L 之前Android的核心组成部分之一(Android L 后被ART取代)。
- 作者: Dan Bornstein
- 名字来源: 作者祖先曾经居住过的小渔村（位于冰岛）- Dalvík
- 基本功能: 支持
.dex(Dalvik Executable)运行 .dex: 专为Dalvik设计的一种压缩格式（Java应用程序），适合内存和处理器速度有限的系统- 业界评价: 一直被用户指责为拖慢安卓系统运行速度不如IOS的根源。2014年的Google I/O大会上，在Android L 中被Google 删除，取而代之的是ART。
诞生缘由
- 业界猜测: 是对Sun尝试控制和保护来自Java ME收入来源的一次反应，以及对建立OpenJDK统辖理事会迟迟未果的回答
- 官方解释: Dalvik是对解决目前Java ME平台上分裂(与已有的JVM)的一次尝试，也是为了提供一个拥有较少限制许可证的平台
基本组件
- dex字节码解释器: 逐条逐行的执行字节码指令
- JIT(Just-In-Time)编译器: 当多次运行速度稍慢的代码时，JIT编译器则会自动将热点代码编译并缓存起来，由此执行速度会逐渐加快
II. ART
Ahead-Of-Time(AOT)编译
在安装时就已经编译成本地代码，因此只需要编译一次，运行时直接执行（应用运行更快(少去该部分的资源竞争)的同时，更省电）。
- 占用内存空间变大。
- 运行速度更快，且更省电 - 运行程序时无需额外的编译、加载转换等，少去这块的CPU资源竞争。
III. ART与Dalvik相同之处
| 接口名 | 备注 |
|---|---|
JNI_GetDefaultJavaVMInitArgs | 获取虚拟机的默认初始化参数 |
JNI_CreateJavaVM | 在进程中创建虚拟机实例 |
JNI_GetCreatedJavaVMs | 获取进程中创建的虚拟机实例 |
IV. ART与Dalvik不同之处
| 虚拟机名 | 安装时 | 每次重新运行apk时 |
|---|---|---|
| ART | 解析翻译dex字节码为本地代码(AOT) | 直接执行本地代码 |
| Dalvik | 将dex字节码优化生成odex文件(PackageManagerService请求守护进程installd来执行) | 通过解释器(Android 2.2引入JIT(缓存热点代码的解释结果))对dex字节码解释为机器码，再执行机器码 |
V. 推敲
persist.sys.dalvik.vm.lib: 系统属性，若等于libdvm.so则当前使用的是Dalvik虚拟机，若等于libstart.so，则当前使用的是ART虚拟机
1. 安装
最终安装优化/翻译 结果都是保存在
odex文件中
系统启动时，系统除了对/system/app和/data/app目录下所有apk进行翻译以外，还会对/system/framework目录的apk/jar以及这些apk所引用的外部jar进行翻译，保证不对Dalvik虚拟机产生任何依赖。
2. 运行
运行相关代码段:
// frameworks/base/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp
void AndroidRuntime::start(const char* className, const char* options)
{
......
/* start the virtual machine */
JniInvocation jni_invocation;
jni_invocation.Init(NULL);
JNIEnv* env;
if (startVm(&mJavaVM, &env) != 0) {
return;
}
......
/*
* Start VM. This thread becomes the main thread of the VM, and will
* not return until the VM exits.
*/
char* slashClassName = toSlashClassName(className);
jclass startClass = env->FindClass(slashClassName);
if (startClass == NULL) {
ALOGE("JavaVM unable to locate class '%s'\n", slashClassName);
/* keep going */
} else {
jmethodID startMeth = env->GetStaticMethodID(startClass, "main",
"([Ljava/lang/String;)V");
if (startMeth == NULL) {
ALOGE("JavaVM unable to find main() in '%s'\n", className);
/* keep going */
} else {
env->CallStaticVoidMethod(startClass, startMeth, strArray);
#if 0
if (env->ExceptionCheck())
threadExitUncaughtException(env);
#endif
}
}
......
}
int AndroidRuntime::startVm(JavaVM** pJavaVM, JNIEnv** pEnv)
{
......
/*
* Initialize the VM.
*
* The JavaVM* is essentially per-process, and the JNIEnv* is per-thread.
* If this call succeeds, the VM is ready, and we can start issuing
* JNI calls.
*/
if (JNI_CreateJavaVM(pJavaVM, pEnv, &initArgs) < 0) {
ALOGE("JNI_CreateJavaVM failed\n");
goto bail;
}
......
}// libnativehelper/JniInvocation.cpp
#ifdef HAVE_ANDROID_OS
static const char* kLibrarySystemProperty = "persist.sys.dalvik.vm.lib";
#endif
static const char* kLibraryFallback = "libdvm.so";
bool JniInvocation::Init(const char* library) {
#ifdef HAVE_ANDROID_OS
char default_library[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
property_get(kLibrarySystemProperty, default_library, kLibraryFallback);
#else
const char* default_library = kLibraryFallback;
#endif
if (library == NULL) {
library = default_library;
}
handle_ = dlopen(library, RTLD_NOW);
if (handle_ == NULL) {
if (strcmp(library, kLibraryFallback) == 0) {
// Nothing else to try.
ALOGE("Failed to dlopen %s: %s", library, dlerror());
return false;
}
// Note that this is enough to get something like the zygote
// running, we can't property_set here to fix this for the future
// because we are root and not the system user. See
// RuntimeInit.commonInit for where we fix up the property to
// avoid future fallbacks. http://b/11463182
ALOGW("Falling back from %s to %s after dlopen error: %s",
library, kLibraryFallback, dlerror());
library = kLibraryFallback;
handle_ = dlopen(library, RTLD_NOW);
if (handle_ == NULL) {
ALOGE("Failed to dlopen %s: %s", library, dlerror());
return false;
}
}
if (!FindSymbol(reinterpret_cast<void**>(&JNI_GetDefaultJavaVMInitArgs_),
"JNI_GetDefaultJavaVMInitArgs")) {
return false;
}
if (!FindSymbol(reinterpret_cast<void**>(&JNI_CreateJavaVM_),
"JNI_CreateJavaVM")) {
return false;
}
if (!FindSymbol(reinterpret_cast<void**>(&JNI_GetCreatedJavaVMs_),
"JNI_GetCreatedJavaVMs")) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
extern "C" jint JNI_CreateJavaVM(JavaVM** p_vm, JNIEnv** p_env, void* vm_args) {
return JniInvocation::GetJniInvocation().JNI_CreateJavaVM(p_vm, p_env, vm_args);
}
jint JniInvocation::JNI_CreateJavaVM(JavaVM** p_vm, JNIEnv** p_env, void* vm_args) {
return JNI_CreateJavaVM_(p_vm, p_env, vm_args);
}安装相关代码段:
// frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/pm/Installer.java
public final class Installer {
......
public int dexopt(String apkPath, int uid, boolean isPublic) {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("dexopt");
builder.append(' ');
builder.append(apkPath);
builder.append(' ');
builder.append(uid);
builder.append(isPublic ? " 1" : " 0");
return execute(builder.toString());
}
......
}// frameworks/native/cmds/installd/commands.c
int dexopt(const char *apk_path, uid_t uid, int is_public)
{
struct utimbuf ut;
struct stat apk_stat, dex_stat;
char out_path[PKG_PATH_MAX];
char dexopt_flags[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
char persist_sys_dalvik_vm_lib[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
char *end;
int res, zip_fd=-1, out_fd=-1;
......
/* The command to run depend ones the value of persist.sys.dalvik.vm.lib */
property_get("persist.sys.dalvik.vm.lib", persist_sys_dalvik_vm_lib, "libdvm.so");
/* Before anything else: is there a .odex file? If so, we have
* precompiled the apk and there is nothing to do here.
*/
sprintf(out_path, "%s%s", apk_path, ".odex");
if (stat(out_path, &dex_stat) == 0) {
return 0;
}
if (create_cache_path(out_path, apk_path)) {
return -1;
}
......
out_fd = open(out_path, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, 0644);
......
pid_t pid;
pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) {
......
if (strncmp(persist_sys_dalvik_vm_lib, "libdvm", 6) == 0) {
run_dexopt(zip_fd, out_fd, apk_path, out_path, dexopt_flags);
} else if (strncmp(persist_sys_dalvik_vm_lib, "libart", 6) == 0) {
run_dex2oat(zip_fd, out_fd, apk_path, out_path, dexopt_flags);
} else {
exit(69); /* Unexpected persist.sys.dalvik.vm.lib value */
}
exit(68); /* only get here on exec failure */
}
......
}
static void run_dexopt(int zip_fd, int odex_fd, const char* input_file_name,
const char* output_file_name, const char* dexopt_flags)
{
static const char* DEX_OPT_BIN = "/system/bin/dexopt";
static const int MAX_INT_LEN = 12; // '-'+10dig+'\0' -OR- 0x+8dig
char zip_num[MAX_INT_LEN];
char odex_num[MAX_INT_LEN];
sprintf(zip_num, "%d", zip_fd);
sprintf(odex_num, "%d", odex_fd);
ALOGV("Running %s in=%s out=%s\n", DEX_OPT_BIN, input_file_name, output_file_name);
execl(DEX_OPT_BIN, DEX_OPT_BIN, "--zip", zip_num, odex_num, input_file_name,
dexopt_flags, (char*) NULL);
ALOGE("execl(%s) failed: %s\n", DEX_OPT_BIN, strerror(errno));
}
static void run_dex2oat(int zip_fd, int oat_fd, const char* input_file_name,
const char* output_file_name, const char* dexopt_flags)
{
static const char* DEX2OAT_BIN = "/system/bin/dex2oat";
static const int MAX_INT_LEN = 12; // '-'+10dig+'\0' -OR- 0x+8dig
char zip_fd_arg[strlen("--zip-fd=") + MAX_INT_LEN];
char zip_location_arg[strlen("--zip-location=") + PKG_PATH_MAX];
char oat_fd_arg[strlen("--oat-fd=") + MAX_INT_LEN];
char oat_location_arg[strlen("--oat-name=") + PKG_PATH_MAX];
sprintf(zip_fd_arg, "--zip-fd=%d", zip_fd);
sprintf(zip_location_arg, "--zip-location=%s", input_file_name);
sprintf(oat_fd_arg, "--oat-fd=%d", oat_fd);
sprintf(oat_location_arg, "--oat-location=%s", output_file_name);
ALOGV("Running %s in=%s out=%s\n", DEX2OAT_BIN, input_file_name, output_file_name);
execl(DEX2OAT_BIN, DEX2OAT_BIN,
zip_fd_arg, zip_location_arg,
oat_fd_arg, oat_location_arg,
(char*) NULL);
ALOGE("execl(%s) failed: %s\n", DEX2OAT_BIN, strerror(errno));
}- Android ART运行时无缝替换Dalvik虚拟机的过程分析
- Dalvik VM vs. ART (Android Runtime): Impact for end-users?
- Dalvik、ART虚拟机小结
- ART运行时垃圾收集（GC）过程分析
- 浅谈为什么Java运行环境是虚拟机，而Python运行环境是解释器
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